These functions had earlier been explored by Leibniz and Bernoulli in their studies of probability theory. Gauss called these functions and and showed that is the arithmetic mean between and and is the geometric mean between and.He further showed that the arithmetic-geometric mean between and is always equal to 1. He later showed that these functions are special forms of the more.

Figure 7b In this sketch, the region exterior to the larger circle and within the boundaries of the horizontal lines defines what Gauss called the “fundamental region”. In this region lay the branch which Gauss called the “simplest.” The entire region, which can be considered a curvilinear triangle with two vertices at and and the other vertex at infinity, is the manifold of all possible “simplest” branches. All related branch will be found by mapping this fundamental region into the circular triangles formed inside the larger circle, or, by translating the fundamental region, up or down, by or, respectively. El amplificador operacional julio forcada pdf full version free software downlo. Thus, the underlying manifold of the arithmetic-geometric mean and the elliptical functions is can be characterized as a complete “discontinuum”. Mohabbatein songs youtube.

Gauss’s geometric treatment of the complex arithmetic-geometric mean is a special case of the more general elliptical modular functions. Though Gauss developed this concept in his fragments, it was Abel, Jacobi and especially Riemann who gave the elaboration. A brief summary of this more general form might be pedagogically helpful. As has been developed in previous installments of this series (See, Riemann for Anti-Dummies Part 64), Riemann showed that the general characteristic of elliptical functions is their double periodicity. This double periodicity is a more general expression of the physical principle that in elliptical motion, unlike in a circle, the elliptical function is incommensurable, differently, with the angle and the arc. This double incommensurability is a general characteristic of elliptical functions, but the specific relationship of this double incommensurability, with reference to an ellipse, is a function of the eccentricity of the ellipse.

This characteristic expresses itself very simply in Riemann’s surfaces, by the shape of the parallelograms that geometrically express each period. (See Figure 8.). The double periodicity of ellipses of different eccentricities are expressed by different shaped parallelograms. (See Figure 9.). Figure 10 The shape of each parallelogram can be uniquely expressed by the ratio of the two complex numbers that define the parallelogram, similar to the way the uniqueness of an ellipse can be defined by the ratio of its axes. This ratio is called, “the period ratio”.